^. 


Vi.*?^v^ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


4*. 


7 


% 


Y//  /         ^     *^'  % 


A 


1.0    !|:«a  IM 


I.I 


1.25 


I4£ 


12.0 

1.8 


U    111.6 


6' 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


f\ 


iV 


^ 


•^ 


\\ 


^9> 


V 


^ 
^ 

-^.A 


4 


'^->^, 

•^^<^ 
<» 


6^ 


■.■:'S!e«Wk»*i.S£>'*fa«an,t{.- 


^^  m^ 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


C 


"'Tf^^''"'i''-^^\  ■V^*.'*?!^^^^*"'"""'""" 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographlques 


M 


The  institute  ha>it  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
or.ginal  copy  avuilable  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


a 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


□    Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  enc'ommag^e 

□    Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^e  et/ou  pellicul6e 


D 


Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


I      I    Coloured  maps/ 


Cartes  g6ographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  init  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  blacit)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


□ 


D 


D 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serr^e  oeut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intdrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout6es 
lo's  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  film6es. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  ouppL     entaires; 


L'institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  do  vue  bibiiographique.  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  m6thode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu6s  ci-dessous. 

□    Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 


□    Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 


Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 


I I    Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  pelliculies 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxei 
Pages  d6color6es,  tachetios  ou  piqu6es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ddtachdes 


I — I    Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
I — I    Pages  detached/ 


□    Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

I — I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 


D 


Quality  indgale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplimentaire 


□    Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  re.Mlmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  filmdes  d  nouveaf  de  fagon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film^  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqui  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


30X 


12X 


I6X 


20X 


H 


24X 


28X 


32X 


a 


ails 

du 

tdifier 

une 

nage 


arrata 
to 


pelure, 
in  d 


n 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library  of  Congress 
Photoduplication  Service 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  •^^^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


L'exemplaire  filrn^  fut  roproduit  grdce  d  la 
g6n6rosit6  de: 

Library  of  Congress 
Photoduplication  Service 

Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetd  de  l'exemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  con  :rat  de 
fllmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprim6e  sont  film6s  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'imprassion  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film^s  en  commenqant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symbciss  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  -^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
fiimds  d  des  taux  de  niduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reprodult  en  un  seul  clichd,  il  est  film6  &  partir 
de  Tangle  sup6rieur  gauche,  de  gaucne  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'Images  n6cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivar.ts 
illustrent  la  m^thode. 


i    t\  : 

1 

3 

1:     ^:    . 

it    ; 

3 

'•#      : 

1      i,    :; 

6 

I  X 


A    LABORATORY    CO  U  RSI 


IN 


WOOD-TURNING 


BY       y" 

MICHAEL  JOSEFH  GOLDEN.  M.E. 

rROl'KsbOR  OK  rRACllCAL  MtCHAMCS,  PURDUE  UMVERSHY 


ILLUSTRATED 


.^\ 


NEW    YORK 
H  A  R  P  E  II    &    B  K  O  r  II  L  R  S    P  U  H  L  I  S  H  E  R  S 

1897 


T  T  '^0  'A. 

.  U  Co 


Copyright,  1,197,  by  Harpkr  &  Brothers. 


W^/  rij;/tts  teseKieii, 


-t 


M  Co 


INTRODUCTION 

Tin:  practice  of  wood-turning  is  an  art  relative  to  which 
there  is  little  published,  and  there  is,  in  consequence,  little 
chance  for  arriving  at  conclusions  as  to  the  best  method 
for  performing  any  given  operation  ;  so  then,'  is  a  wide 
diversity  in  the  methods  by  which  different  operators  arrive 
at  the  same  results.  Some  use  one  tool  almost  exclusively, 
while  others  use  a  large  variety  of  tools. 

The  following  exercises  are  designed  to  give  the  opera- 
tor command  of  the  more  commonly  used  tools,  using  each 
for  the  operations  for  which  it  is  especially  fitted. 

The  first  four  exercises  are  of  special  imjjortance,  and 
the  operator  is  urged  to  continue  the  {practice  of  them  until 
he  can  perform  them  easily  and  safely ;  the  operations  in- 
volved in  the  third  exercise,  when  mastered,  will  be  found 
to  give  special  confidence. 

As  the  exercises  have  been  arranged  to  give  in  the 
most  direct  manner,  and  without  repetition,  the  typical 
operations  of  the  wood-turner,  some  learners  may  desire  to 
add  further  practice  in  some  or  all  of  them,  and,  for  the 
benefit  of  such,  further  exercises,  involving  similar  opera- 
tions, have  been  added  in  the  form  of  an  appendix.  These 
have  drawings,  and,  where  necessary,  additional  instruc- 
tions. The  operator  is  urged,  however,  to  perform  the 
regular  exercise  before  attempting  the  added  one. 

In  wood-turning  the  first  essential  is  that  the  material 
being  operated  on  be  '-evolved  on  an  axis  with  a  fair  detrfee 


2  WOOD  TUkNINCi 

ot  rapidity,  and  if  this  re(|uircment  bo  met.  work  involving 
great  skill  on  the  part  of  the  operator  may  be  accomplished 

by  the   use   of    rude 
and   imperfect  tools. 
Some  beautiful  spec- 
imens   of    turned 
work    have     been 
made  on   the  some- 
what   primitive    tool 
shown    in    1m g.    i. 
This    rude  lathe,  on 
which    the    work    is 
revolved  between 
two    pointed     metal 
pins    held    in    two 
blocks     of     wood, 
contains    the    essen- 
tial features  of  all  lathes.    The  sharpened  pins  give  points 
of  support  between  which  the  material  being  operated  on 
revolves,  and  a  bar  of  wood  or  iron,  resting  on  the  car- 
riage, supports  the  cutting  tool. 

^Thc  Indian  workman  has  a  lathe  even  more  rude  than 
this,  for  his  consists  of  two  stakes  driven  into  the  ground, 
through  which  sharpened  nails  are  driven  to  support  the 
work,"and  revolution  is  given  to  the  work  by  means  of  a 
cord  in  the  hands  of  an  assistant. 

The  principal  features  essential  to  all  lathes  are  an  axis 
of  revolution  for  the  material  beint,  operated  on  and  some 
means  for  supporting  and  guiding  the  cutting  tool,  and  the 
lathe  shown  in  Fig.  2,  the  one  in  common  use,  differs  from 
the  ruder  lathes  just  described  in  having  these  features  in 
greater  refinement. 

In  this  lathe  a  metal  spindle  revolving  in  metal  bear- 


Fi\'.  1 


,vork  invoKiiii; 
2  acconiplislu'd 
:  use  of  rutle 
iipcrfc'ct  tools, 
beautiful  s])ec- 
s    of    turned 

have  been 
on  the  some- 
primitive  tool 
n  in  Fig.  i. 
rude  lathe,  on 

the  work  is 
ved  between 
pointed  metal 
held  in  two 
xS  of  wood, 
ins  the  essen- 
)ins  give  points 
ng  operated  on 
ni;  on  the  car- 

more  rude  than 

nto  the  ground, 

to  support  the 

by  means  of  a 

.thes  are  an  axis 
ed  on  and  some 
ing  tool,  and  the 
use,  differs  from 
:hese  features  in 

LI  in  metal  bear- 


INTkODLCTlON  J 

ings  determines  ihe  axis,  and  a>  this  turns  in  one  dire.tion. 
the  revolving  wood  has  a  movement  that  is  >teaily.  smooth. 
and  continuous.  The  cutting  tool  is  supported  on  an  ad- 
justable rest,  and  the  speed  of  revolution  may  be  varied 
within  comparatively  wide  limits. 

The  degree  of  manual  skill  reciuired  to  produce  any 
required  form  is  much  less  in  this  lathe  than  in  the  ruder 
forms  first  described. 

Before  starting  to  learn  the  o|Rrations  of  the  wood- 
turner, it   is  desirable   that  one   should   learn   the   names 


Tait-Slock 


Fie.  2 


and  uses  of  the  tools  he  will  have.     Following  are  those 

in  common  use : 

The  Wood-Lathe,  shown  in  Fig.  2,  ha.,  as  its  principal 
parts  tne  s/icars.  the  head-stock,  the  tail-s(ock\  and  the  rest. 
The  head-stock  is  fixed  at  one  end  of  the  shears,  and  the 
tail-stock  and  rest  are  movable  along  it,  and  may  be  tem- 
porarily fixed  at  any  desired  place  by  means  of  clavips. 

The  ofifice  of  the  shears  is  to  support  the  head-stock  and 
the  tail-stock  in  such  a  manner  that  the  axes  of  their  spin- 
dles will  be  in  the  same  straight  line  in  whatever  position 
on  the  shears  the  tail-stock  may  be  clamped.  A  section 
through  the  head-stOCk  is  shown  in  Fig.  3.  The  head- 
stock  carries  the  live-spindU\  shown  at  [a],  and  this  live-spin- 


WOOD  TUKMN(i 


dte  Is  the  means  used  to  revolve  the  wood  which  is  bi-iiii; 
tiirni'd.  Attached  to  the  livc-sf^indlc  is  a  couc-pullc\\  shown 
at  [hj.oviT  which  a  driviiig-hcit  parses,  and  this  belt  turns 
the  spindle.  \  Jork\  or  some  other  device,  is  attached  to 
the  end  of  the  spiudU\  and  the  wood  being  operated  on  is 
driven  on  this />;-/•  and  revolves  with  the  spindL.  The 
spiiid/c  turns  in  diurnnx's,  or  doxfs,  shown  at  [c].  and  [a]-[d] 
are  oil-holes  through  which  oil  is  supi-)lied  to  the  rubbing 
surfaces.     The  screw  shown  on   the  end  of  the  spindle,  at 


/•'w   t 


[gl,  is  for  th(;  attachment  oi./ace-plah's  and  similar  appara- 
tus. See  Fig.  2.  Very  often  end  movement  of  the  spindle 
is  prevented  by  means  of  an  adjusting-scrciv,  shown  at  [f]. 
A  couple  of  (irops  of  oil  ought  to  be  put  into  each  oil- 
hole  when  the  lathe  is  first  started.  Removable  caps  are 
used  to  keep  dust  out  of  the  oil-holes.  The  spindle  is 
usually  made  hollow,  and  the  live-centre  may  be  pushed 
out  of  it  by  an  iron  rod  passed  through  from  the  back  end. 
The  tail-stock,  shown  in  Fig.  4,  supports  the  tail- 
spindle,  [a],  in  which  is  held  the  dead-centre,  [b], — so  called 


I.N  1  UoM  (    I  loN 


\-f>itlli'\\  sh(»\vn 
this  belt  tiling 

i^  attacht'd  to 
ojK'rati  (1  oil  is 

spimiL,  The 
:].aml[aHcl] 
o  the  riibbinj; 

the  spindU\  at 


similar  appara- 
t  of  the  spindle 
',  shown  at  [f]. 
into  each  oil- 
)\able  caps  are 
The  spindle  is 
nay  be  pushed 
1  the  back  end. 
)ports  the  tail- 
[b], — so  called 


bi'causr  it  does  not  revolve.  JHtwien  this  dead-centre  w\\(\ 
the  live-centre  of  the  liead-stoih  the  material  beini;  operated 
upon  revolves.  The  tail-stoek  may  be  tixid  at  any  desired 
position  on  the  shears  by  the  damp.  [<].  'i'lu'  spindle  may 
Ix-  pushed  out  from,  or  drawn  baek  into,  the  tail-stoel'  by 
means  of  the  serexv  and  handle  >ho\vn  at  [d],  .uul  further 
movement  prevented  by  means  of  the  clanip-handle  shown 
at  [f].     Thi-  dead-centre  may  be  taken  out  of  the  spiiidh\ 


TAIL  -iTOCK 


Pig-  4 


when  it  is  desired  to  change  it,  by  turning  the  handle  until 
its  back  end  strikes  against  the  front  end  of  the  screx^'. 

The  Rest,  shown  in  h'ig.  5,  is  used  to  support  and 
assist  in  guiding  the  cutting  tool,  and  is  adjustable  along 
the  shears  in  the  same  manner  as  the  tail-stock.  The  dis- 
tance of  the  tec  from  the  work  is  regulated  by  means  of  the 
clamp  that  fixes  it  on  the  shears,  and  its  height  and  angle 
with  the  work  are  regulated  by  the  set-screw  shown  at  [b]. 


WOOD  TURXINtl 


When  hollowed  work,  such  as  cups  and  boxes,  are  being 
turned,  it  may  be  fixed  with  its  end  inside  the  hollow,  and 
so  better  support  be  given  to  the  cutting  tool. 


Fig.i  ■  ■  ' 

The  Fork-centre,  shown  in  Fig,  6,  is  used  in  the  live- 
spindle  to  make  the  work  revolve,  one  end  of  the  wood 
being  driven  on  the  fork-centre  by  a  mallet,  and  then  the 

Cup-centre,  shown 
in  Fig.  7,  is  brought 
against  the  other  end. 
The  cup-centre  is 
held  in  the  spindle  of 
the  tail-stock,  and,  in 
common  vith  the  cone-centre,  is  spoken  of  as  the  dead- 
centre.  Tne  cone-centre  \'S>  used  when  metal  is  being  turned. 
They  are  both  shown  in  Fig.  7. 

The  Face-plate,  shown  in  Fig.  8,  is  used  when  the 


Fiir.  6 


)xes,  arc  beinsx 
he  hollow,  and 
)1. 


SP: 


m 


\ 


ised  in  the  live- 
d  of  the  wood 
it,  and  then  the 
:entre,  shown 
.  7,  is  brought 
:  the  other  end. 
e  cup-centre  is 
1  the  spindle  of 
il-stock,  and,  in 
Df  as  the  dead- 
is  being  turned. 

used  when  the 


/•V-  7 


liNTRODUCriON  7 

work  is  of  such  character  that  it  cannot  be  held  between 
centres.  It  is  attached  to  the  live-sphidlc  hy  the  screw  on 
the  end,  and  is  used  in 
turning  cups,  balls,  disk'^, 
and  such  other  pieces  as 
require  that  turning- 
tools  be  used  on  one 
end.  The  piece  being 
operated  on  is  not  fast- 
ened directly  to  i\\c  face- 

plati\  but  is  held  in  a  wooden  disk  that  is  fastened  to  the 
face-plate  by  means  of  screws.    This  disk  is  called  a  chuck. 

Face-plates  are  made  in  \-a- 
'•ious  diameters  to  suit  the 
size  of  the  work.  When 
they  are  made  more  com- 
plex in  character,  as  with 
raised  rims  and  attachments 
in  the  form  of  adjusting- 
screws,  they  are  themselves 
called  chucks. 

The  swing  of  a  lathe  is  twice  thn  distance  from  the 
centre  of  the*  front  end  of  the  live-spindle  to  the  nearest 
point  of  the  shears. 

The  size  of  a  lathe 
is  determined  by  the 
sivinr  and  'the  length 
of  the  shears. 

The  Gouge, 
shown  in  Fig.  9.  is  the 
tool  of  greatest  use  I' > 

the  wood-turner.     Any  piece  to  be  ^urned  is  f^rst  rapid!) 
dressed  to  a  rougli  approximation  to  the  desired  form  by 


/•YjT.  S 


/•V 


8 


WOOD-TUkNING 


F/)^.  lo 


means  of  the  t;ouu;e;  and  most  surfaces  havin<^  compound 
curves  are  shaped  by  its  use.  In  the  han>ls  of  a  skilful 
wood-turner  it  may  be  made  to  do  most  of  tlie  work  done 
i"!  the  lathe.  The  edge  should  be  a  smooth  curve  of  tUe 
elliptical  form  shown,  and  the  bevel  should  be  str:iight,  as 
it  is  the  guide  by  which  the  depth  and  outline  of  curves 

are  regulated.  The 
elliptical  form  is  nec- 
essary in  order  that 
it  may  be  turned  in  a 
small  space.  Tiie  han- 
dle ou"ht  to  be  lonsf 
in  large  sizes,  in  order 
to  give  command  of  the  tool  during  a  heavy  cut.  The  size 
is  determined  by  the  width  across  the  concave  side,  and 
varies  from  a  quarter  of  an  inch  to  three  inches  by  eighths 
of  an  inch. 

The  Skew  Chisel,  shown  in  Fig.  lo,  is  used  in  finish- 
ing straight  outlined  work,  such  as  the  cylinder  and  cone, 
and  for  making  convex  curves  and  beads.  It  is  bevelled 
from  both  sides  to  the  cutting  ed<j;e,  which,  instead  of  bcinu: 
at  a  right  angle  to  the 
side  of  the  tool,  as  in  the 
carjienter's  chisel,  is 
"  skewed  "  slightly.  This 
gives  better  command  of 
the  cutting  edge,  because 

of  a  better  position  of  the  handle.  The  edge  ought  to  be 
straight  and  the  bevel  flat,  as  by  these  is  regulated  the 
depth  of  the  cut.  The  size  is  determined  by  xh-i  width  of 
the  blade.  The  larger  sizes  ought  to  have  proportionally 
long  handles. 

The  smaller  sizes  of  chisels  having  straight  edges  are 


■^■ij-ir-   — "— -- 


.^^ 


Fig.  1 1 


I.NIKODUCTIUX 


<^  compound 

of  a  skilful 

2  work  done 

curve  of  tUe 

i  strsiight,  as 

ae  of  curves 

ated.      The 

orni  is  nec- 

order    that 

turned  in  a 

e.    Tiie  han- 

to   be   lonii 

zes,  in  order 

it.    The  size 

ve  side,  and 

s  by  eighths 

ied  in  finish- 
er and  cone, 
t  is  bevelled 
ead  of  being 


ought  to  be 
;gulated  the 
h-:  width  of 
opcrtionally 


It  edges  are 


sometimes  <j:round  in  such  manner  that  the  ed^es  are  at 
right  angles  with  the  sides,  to  avoid  the  necessity  for  re- 
versinii  them  when  in  use. 


EZS 


II   I  I '  I  '"ir  ■   ■  -  — 'in'i ■ 


^Vi",     12 


The  Round- nose 
Chisel,  shown  in  Mg.  ii, 
is  usually  made  by  grind- 
ing the  edge  of  a  carjjen- 
ter's  chisel  to  the  ellijitical 

form  of  the  tiouiie.  This  tool  is  used  in  cutting  recesses 
where  the  use  of  the  gouge  would  be  dangerous.  Skilful 
turners  frequently  use  the  gouge  for  nearl\'  all  the  work 
for  which  this  tool  is  commonly  used.  • 

The  Parting-tool,  shown  in  Fig.  12,  is  used  for  cut- 
ting off  finished  work.  It  hns,  however,  a  greater  use,  in 
conjunction  with  the  calipers,  in  regulating  the  outline  of 
work,  by  making  a  narrow  groove  that  will  have  a  diameter 
at  the  bottom  equal  to  some  principal  dimension  of  the 
work,  and  to  which  the  general  outline  will,  later,  be  re- 
duced. The  seventh  exercise  involves  this  use  of  the 
parting-tool.     Its  size   is  determined   by  the  width  of  its 

cutting  edge. 

Sharpening  Turn- 
ing -  tools,  —  When 
sharpening  these  tools, 
one  is  liable  to  spoil  the 
shape  of  the  cutting  edge 
unless  great  care  is  exer- 
cised,  and  as  the  shaj^e 
determines  the  ease  with 
which  the  cutting  edge 
is  guided,  an  irregular  shape  will  render  the  management 
of  the  tool  much  more  difificult. 

The  operator  takes  position  with  the  stone  turning  tow- 


^'jr-  '3 


lO 


WOOD-TURNING 


Fis-  M 


ards  him,  and  applies  the  tool  in  the  position  shown  by  the 
dotted  lines  in  l*ig.  1 3,  and  at  once  carefully  draws  it  back 
to  the  position  shown  by  the  solid  ones,  with 
the  bevel  resting  on  the  stone.     The  chisel 
is  applied  in  this  manner  to  avoid  th(^  danger 
of  touching  the  cutting  edge  against  the  re- 
volving stone,  and  so  making  it  duller  than 
before^    The  bevel  is  held  square  across  the 
face  of  the  stone,  as  shown  in  Fig.  14,  where 
the  solid  lines  show  the  position  when  one 
side  is  being  ground,  and  the  dotted  lines  when  the  other 
one.     The  tool  should  be  moved  slowly  across  the  face  of 
the  stone,  so  that  the  whole  of  the  face  may  be  used,  and 
it  must  not  be  al'owed  to  rock,  as  that  would  round  the 
bevel.    The  position 
of    the    operator    is 
shown    in    Fig.    15. 
The    grinding    is 
complete  when    the 
ground       surface 
reaches  the   cutting 
edge,  and    this   can 
readily  be    seen    by 
holding    it    so   that 
the  light  from  a  win- 
dow   falls   across   it. 
If   the   grinding    be 
continued  after  this, 
the  extreme  end,  be- 
coming   thin     from 
the  grinding,  bends 
away  from  the  stone, 
producing    what    is  Fis  's 


shown  by  the 
Iravvs  it  back 
Hd  ones,  with 
The  chisel 
id  the  danger 
L^ainst  the  re- 
it  duller  than 
ire  across  the 
iMc;.  14.  where 
ion  when  one 
lien  the  other 
ss  the  face  of 
be  used,  and 
lid  round  the 


INTKOUUCTION 


11 


called  a  "  wire  edge."  The  wire  edge  will  have  to  be  liro- 
ken  off  before  the  tool  can  be  properly  sharpened,  and  this 
is  usually  done  just  before  it  is  applied  to  the  whetstone. 
It  may  be  done  by  drawing  the  cutting  edge  in  the  direc- 
tion of  its  length  across  the  grain  of  a  piece  of  soft  wood. 


/■if,'    ifi 

The  edge  left  by  the  grindstone  is  too  rough  for  use  in 
turning,  so  to  secure  the  necessary  smoothness  and  to  fur- 
ther sharpeii  the  tool  the  whetstone  is  used.  The  chisel  is 
applied  to  the  whetstone  with  the  same  care  with  which  it 
was  applied  to  the  grindstone.  It  is  first  placed  in  the 
position  shown  by  the  dotted  lines  in  Fig.  16,  then  raised 
to  that  shown  by  the  solid 
lines,  and  is  then  moved 
steadily  back  and  forth  on 
the  stone;  this  operation 
being  performed  on  both 
bevels  until  it  is  sharjx  The 
manner  of  grasping  the 
chisel  during  the  operation 
of    whettins;    is    shown    in 

Fig.  17.  The  chisel  is  held  in  the  right  hand,  and  the 
fingers  of  the  left  hand  used  to  steady  it.  When  the 
sharpening  is  nearly  complete,  the  tool  is  frequently  turned 
over  from  one  bevel  to  the  other  and  given  a  few  rubs  on 
each.     Any  fine  wire  edge  now  formed  may  be  removed, 


Fi^.  17 


!■! 


ii 


If 


/•V   1 8 


skew  chisel. 


wool  •TURN  INC 

as  before,  by  drawing  the  edge 
through  a  piece  of  wood,  or  it  may 
be  "  buffed  "  off  by  rubbing  the  edge 
on  a  leather  strap  or  on  the  palm  of 
the  left  hand. 

The  gouge  may  be  ground  by 
being  held  agninst  the  grindstone  in 
the  manner  shown  in  Mg.  i8,  a  man- 
ner similar  to  that  for  holding  the 
It  must  not  be  held  in  one  position,  but 
must  be  slowly  rolled  on  the  bevel,  so  that  the  part  in 
contact  with  the  stone  is  constantly  chang- 
ing. It  will  pass  from  the  position  shown  by 
the  solid  lines  in  Fig.  i8  to  that  shown  by 
the  dotted  ones,  and  then  back  again ;  and 
this  should  be  continued  during  the  process 
of  grinding. 

A  grindstone  having  a  groove  made  in 
its  face  is  used  where  there  are  many  gouges 
to  be  ground.  The  groove  may  be  made 
near  one  side,  as  shown  in  Fig.  19. 

An  oil-stone  slip  is  used   to  whet   the 
gouge,  and  is  applied  to  the  bevel  in  the  manner  shown  in 
Fig.  20.     After  the  bevel  on  the  outside  of  the  gouge  has 
been  whetted,  the  round  edge  of  the  slip  may  be  rubbed 

against  the  inside,  but  care 
must  be  taken  that  the  slip 
has  contact  along  its  whole 
edge  with  the  inside  of  the 
gouge. 

The    round  -  nose    tool    is 

made  from  a  narrow  carpen- 

/./^  ,0  ter's  chisel,  and  is  ground  and 


Fig.  ig 


J    the    edge 

d,  or  it  may 

ing  the  edge 

the  palm  of 

ground   by 

rindstonc  in 

g.  1 8,  a  man- 

liolding  the 

position,  but 

the  part  in 


ner  shown  in 
le  gouge  has 
ly  be  rubbed 
de,  but  care 
:hat  the  slip 
ig  its  whole 
nside  of   th(^ 

nose  tool  is 
rrovv  carpen- 
s  ground  and 


INTRODUCTION 


13 


whetted  in  nearly  the  same  manner  a>  the  gouge,  so  no 
special  instruction  is  necessary  to  do  it. 

The  parting -tool  is  sharpened  as  the  skew  chisel  is. 
except  that  the  edge  is  not  to  be  skewed. 

The  lathe  ought  to  come  fitted  with  the  following  j)arts: 
a  fork-centre,  cup-centre,  cone-centre,  face-plate,  tee- rest, 
and,  wlien  it  is  driven  by  mechanical  power,  a  counter- 
shaft with  cone-pulley,  and  fast  and  loose  pulleys. 

The  following  tools  will  Ix-  found  to  make  a  satisfactory 
set,  and  must  be  bought  apart  from  the  lathe : 

I  si<c\v  chisel  and  1  turncr's-^ouge.  each  1  inch  wide. 


I  ••  "I 

,  "  "I 

I  round-nose  chisel,  J  inch  wide. 
I  cuttin^'-otT  tool,  i  inch  \vid<..'. 
I  pair-win^'  calipers,  6  inches. 
I  pair-wing  dividers.  6  inches. 
I  wooden  mallet— light  wei).{ht. 
I  oil-can. 


The  following  table  cf  speeds  may  be  u.sed  during  the 
exercises : 


DI.-VMF.TKK   ()!• 
WORK 

KKVOLUTION.S    I'l  >i 
MINUTK 

SURFACK  SI'KF.U  l.\'  FEET 
I'F.R    MINUTK 

1  inch 

2  inches 

about.... 

....3000 
..J  500 

....I  ;oo 

about 

7«5 
1308 

1178 

3 

...  1000 
....  600 
600 

300 

2;o 

1259 
1257 
1880 
.1414 
•571 

5       " 
8 

12 

18 
24 

if 


14 


WOOD-TURNING 


In  each  case  the  speed  ought  to  be  slower  by  one 
change  on  the  cone-pulley  when  the  work  is  started  and 
until  it  has  been  turned  to  the  round  form. 

When  the  work  is  turned  plankwise,  the  starting  speed 
would  be  slower  by  yet  another  change. 


J. 


wcr  by  one 
started  and 

arting  speed 


FIRST   EXERCISE 


/■'.*'  " 


Material.— Poplar  or  pine,  3"  x  3    x  s '. 

Exercise. — To  t   m  a  smooth  cylinder  and  mark  spaces 
across  it  i  inch  apart. 

I'se  the  fork-centre  in  the  head-stock 
and  the  cup-centre  in  the  tail-stock. 

Mnd  the  centre  of  both  ends  of  the 
wood,  either  by  drawing  diagonals,  as 
shown  in  I'^ig.  21,  or  by  setting  the  di- 
viders to  as  nearly  orie-half  of  the  least 
diameter  as  they  can  be  taken  without  measuring,  and  then, 
restinir  the  faces  of  the  stock  in  succession  on  some  flat 
surface,  drawing 
lines  across  the  ends 
in  the  way  shown  in 
Fig.  22.  These  lines 
will  show  as  in  F""ig.  2  3, 
and  the  centre  of  this 
smaller  figure  maybe 
easily  guessed,  and 
will  be  nearly  the  centre  of  the  end  of  the  block.  Now  place 
the  centre,  so  found,  against  the  point  ui  the  fork-centre  and 
drive  the  stock  a<4ai>  st  the  fork  with  a  few 
light  blows  of  the  mallet  until  the  fork  jx'n- 
ctrates  the  wood  for  a  short  distance,  and 
then  advance  the  cup-centre  against  the 
y,^  ,3  other  end,  and  force  it  in  also  for  a  short 


/■•v 


ji 


i6 


WOOU-TUUNINU 


Fit;,  a  4 


distance.  Put  a  few  drops  of  oil  on  the  wood  wlierc  it 
has  contact  with  the  cup-centre.  If  the  dead-centre  be 
forced  too  stroni;lv  a;j;ainst  the  wood,  it  will  pinch  the  live- 
centre  a-ainst  its   bearin-s  and  sto|)   it    froiv.  turnini;  or 

cause  it  to  heat.  'IMv  pressure 
can  be  tested  by  revolvinjj;  the 
live-spi!ulU'  by  hand. 

Start  the  lathe,  and  adjust  the 
belt  to  the  position  that  will  t^ivc 
the  proper  speed  of  revolution — 
usually  the  speed  next  to  the  slow- 
est. When  it  is  desired  to  change 
the  position  of  the  belt  on  the  cone-pulley,  it  must  first  be 
"shifted"  to  the  smaller  and  then  to  the  larger  of  the  steps 
on  which  it  is  to  run ;  ex- 
amination will  show  that 
otherwise  the  belt  would  be 
stretched. 

The  wood  is  first  to  be 
turned  to  a  rough  cylinder 
with  the  I  -inch  gouge.     To 
do  this,  adjust  the  rest  to 
the  position  relative  to  the 
wood  shown  in   Fig    24,  so 
that  the  cutting  tool   may 
have  its  handle  slightly  low- 
er than    its  edge,  and  the 
edge  above   the  centre   of 
the  work.     This  makes  the 
action  of  the  gouge  a  cut- 
ting   one,  whereas,   if    the 
ed^i-e  were  lower,  the  action 
would  be  scraping. 


Fi£  25 


FIRST   I'.XKKCISK 


\v(M)(l  wIkmc  it 

tk-ad-coiitio  be 

pinch  the  live- 

om  turniiiii;  or 

TIv  pressure 

revolving   the 

id. 

.and  adjust  the 
n  that  will  give 
of  revolution — 
;iext  to  the  slow- 
.'sired  tochan<j;e 
,  it  nuist  first  be 
jier  of  the  steps 


Fi\'  j'l 


Fi^.  25 


The  geniTal  position  of  tjif  operator  ulu'ii  u>in_i;  the 
i^ouge  is  shown  in  I-'ii;.  35.  The  rij^ht  hand  grasps  the 
handle  near  the  '-nd  and  is  steadied  in  it>  inovenu-nt  by 
resting  against  the  side,  as  shown.  I'he  left  hand  presses 
the  gouge  firmly  on  the  rest  and  moves  the  cutting  edge 
along  the  work,  regulating  the  depth  of  the  cut  by  kee|)ing 
contact  with  the  rest. 
It  will  be  found  that 
if  the  side  of  the 
hand  lose  contact 
with  the  rest,  the 
depth  of  the  cut  can- 
not be  regulated  so 
nicely. 

The  position  of  the  hands  is  further  shown  in  l'"ig.  26 — 
a  view  of  the  hands  from  above. 

Advance  the  cutting  edge  cautiously,  and  start  a  light 
cut  near  one  end  of  the  wood,  and  carry  the  cut  out  to  the 
end  near  which  it  was  started.  The  end  of  the  rest  ought 
to  be  outside  the  end  of  the  wood,  as  shown  in  I'^ig.  27. 
Start  a  second  cut  a  short  distance  inside  the  first  and 
continue  it  to  the  end  al.so;  and  repeat  this  until  the  enti 
is  round  and  2'i  inches  in  diameter.  The  end  will  appear 
as  in  Fig.  27.  The  diameter  is  measured  between  the 
points  of  the  calipers,  used   as   shown  in   Ing.  2.S.     If  the 

points  of  {he  cal- 
ipers are  not  held 
s(|uare  across  the 
work,  the  meas- 
urement cannot 
be  correctly  ta- 
ken. 
/•,:s-.  27  It  will  be  found 


lg 


>VOOU-rUKMN«l 


wftef** 


At«MT. 


Fig.  at 


better  to  stoj)  tin-  lathe 
wlK-n  usinj;  the  lahpers 
cliiriiiK  the  fevv  first 
exercises,  though,  hiter, 
they  may  be  used  while 
the  work  is  revolving. 

C'haiiKt-'  the  position 
of  the  rest  to  the  other 
end  of  the  wo.ul  and  turn  that  down  in  the  same  manner 
as  the  f^rst.  after  which  place  the  rest  at  the  centre,  and 
'turn  the  centre  to  the  same  diameter  as  the  ends,  usuig 
the  ends  as  guides  in  determiiung  the  si/e.  Ihere  w-ll 
be  no  need  of  the  calipers. 

Finishing  with  the  Skew  Chisel.-ln  .sing  the 
skew  chisel,  the  rest  is  set  higher  than  when  usuig  the 
■,„uce-  the  height  is  determined  by  the  stature  of  the 
operator,  the  rest  being  so  set  that  it  can  be  most  conven- 

"""The  manner  of  grasping  the  chisel  is  nearly  the  same 
as  with  the  gouge:  it  is  applied  to  the  work,  however,  m  an 
entirely  different  manner. 

In   usHMr    the    skew    chisel    for   straight    outhne  work 
three   conditions    relative    to    the    position   of    the   chisel 
must  be  borne  in  mind:  first,  the  chisel  must  have  con- 
tact of  its  bevel  with  the 
surface   being   cut.  as   in 
Fig.    29;     second,    the 
acute    angle  of   the  edge 
must    be    kept    clear    of 
the    work,   and    the    cut- 
ting   done    between    the 
corners,    as     in     Fig.    29 
and   Fig.  30;   and,  third,  /-v. '9 


i|)  the  lathe 
the  cahpers 
-    [c\V    first 
i(iu,i;h,  later. 
J  used  wliile 
revolving, 
the  position 
to  the  other 
anie  manner 
•  centre,  and 
!  ends,  using 
There  will 

In  using  the 
jn  using  the 
lature  of  the 
most  conven- 

arly  the  same 
lowcver.  in  an 

outline  work 
of  the  chisel 
ust  have  con- 


I'lKST    KXKKCmF 


FO 


A/ir.  30 


z 


Fig.  31 


the  chi>el  must 
have  contact  with 
the  rest,  as  in  lig. 
29  and  I'ig.  3'- 

That  the  bevel 
of  the   chisel  may 
be    brought     into 
position      without 
danger  of  the  edge 
catching  in  the  re- 
volving wood,  first  lay  it  on  the  work  in  the  position  shown 
in   Fig.  32  and   iMg.  33,  and  then  draw  it  back,  swinging 
the  handle  to  the 
right,  until   it  ar- 
rives at  the  posi- 
tion   shown   in 
I'ig.  29  and  I'ig. 
30.     In  these  sketches  the  left 
hand   is    not   shown,  that   the 
position   of    the  tool    may  be 
shown  more  clearly;  the  hand, 
however,  grasps  the  tool  as  in 
I'"ig.  34,  the  right   hand    hold- 
ing the  end  of  the  handle,  as  when  using  the  gouge. 

The  bevel  of  the 
chisel  should  now  rest 
on  the  revolving  work 
in  the  direction  shown 
from  [x]  to  [y]  in  Fig. 
35.  Raise  the  handle 
slightly  until  the  edge 
cuts  into  the  surface 
about  ,,'4  of  an  inch.     By 


/■''jf.  3  J 


/.«./ 


F'g-  33 


SiWf 


.1' 


ti 


20 


WOOD  TURNING 


I'U 


advancincr  the  chisel  for  a  short  distance  a  smooth  surface 
is  produced  where  the  chisel  cits,  and  this  smooth  su'-facc 

may  be  used  as  a  guide  m 
regulating  the  depth  of  the 
cut  as  the  cutting  edge  is 
advanced  to  the  end  of  the 
wood.  Start  the  cut  ^ 
about  2  inches  from 
the  tail-stock  end  and 
produce  it  to  the  oth- 
er end. 

Now  turn  the  chis- 
el over  and  bring  the 
other  bevel  into  con- 
tact  with  the  surface,  as  the  f^rst  one  was,  except  that  the 


f''\''  ^^ 


Fig.  T,'i 

handle  must  be  swung  to  the  left,  and  finish  the  cut  to  the 

tail -stock    end    of    the 

wood.     The  position  of 

the  hands  when  cutting 

to  the  tail-stock  end  is 

shown  in  Fig.  36. 

Repeat  these  cuts  un- 


it-/*/'*  i"*  »>r^ '"* '"*  /"^ 


!?T^ 


FIRST   EXERCISE 


3t 


looth  surface 
louth  su'*fr.cc 
IS  a  guide  in 
depth  of  the 
:ting  edge  is 
le  end  of  the 
the  cut  ■^ 
■s  from 
;nd  and 
he  olh- 

he  chis- 
•ing  the 
ito  con- 
accept  that  the 


I  the  cut  to  the 

.1 

1 

4i  <"*  l"4i  I"* 


f'-.c-  .lS 


til  the  work  is  reduced  to  2i  inches  in  diameter  from  end 
to  end  and  the  surface  is  smooth,  and  then  mark  the  sur- 
face of  the  work,  with  the  dividers,  to  the  divisions  shown 
in  Fig.  37. 

Set  the  dividers  to  i 
inch  between  points,  and 
placing  one  point  at  the 
end  of  the  wood,  and 
just  clear  of  it,  advance 
the  other  point  until  it 
scratches  the  surface 
lightly,  holding  the  di- 
viders in  the  position 
shown  by  the  solid  lines  in  Fig.  38.  If  held  in  the  position 
shown  by  the  dotted  lines,  they  may  catch  into  the  wood 

and  be  thrown  from  the  hand. 
Next,  set  the  dividers  to  2  inch- 
es, and  mark  that  dimension  ; 
and  increase  the  opening  of 
the  dividers  by  i  inch  for  each 
of  the  remaining  dimensions. 
To  finish  the  exercise,  re- 
move the  "  burr "'  raised  by  the  dividers.  Do  this  with  the 
acute  corner  of  the  skew  chisel,  as  sliown  in  Fig.  39,  first 
placing  the  chisel  in  the  position 
shown  by  the  dottfd  lines,and  then 
raisincr  the  handle  until  the  corner 
cuts  off  the  burr.  The  burr  on  one 
side  is  removed  by  holding  the 
chisel  in  the  position  shown  by 
the  dotted  lines  in  Fig.  40,  and, 
on  the  other  side,  in  that  shown 
by  the  solid  ones.  /.■,j..^o 


/■■'.K'-  ->■) 


t 


'  V    * 

I 


SECOND   EXERCISE 

Material.— P'opl^'"  or  pine,  3"x  3'x  ^"■ 
Exercise.-To  turn  a  piece  of  the  form  and  dimen- 
sions shown  in  Fig.  41-  .  ^      •     M„ 
Turn  a  smooth  cylinder  2I  inches  m  diameter  in  che 

same  manner  that  the  cyl- 
inder was  turned  in  the  first 
exercise.  Make  divisional 
marks  around  it  with  the 
1^  ^  ,=1  .=—  dividers,  using  ^he  dimen- 
* /"x/i"  **/•■* /"^/i«-4  */"''      sions  given  in  Fig.  41   for 

the   spaces.     Recesses   are 

^"""  to  be  cut  in  the  alternate 

spaces  between  the  marks.     Start  a  recess  by  holding  the 

skew  chisel  in  the  position  shown  =• 

in  Fig.  39,  the  acute  corner  down 

and  a  little  inside  the  mark,  and 

with    the    bevel    on   the   side   on 

which  the  cut   is  started,  having 

the  direction  in  which  the  cut  will 

be  made,  as  shown  in  Fig.  42  and 

Fig.   39.     Now    raise    the    handle 

and  force  the  corner  of  the  chisel 

a  short  distance  into  the  wood,  and 

repeat  this  on   the  other  side  of 

the  space  to  be  cut.     Remove  the 


F/f.  42 


and  dimcn- 

mcter  in  the 
that  the  cyl- 
sd  in  the  first 
ke  divisional 
it  with  the 
r'the  dimen- 
1  Fig.  41  for 
Recesses  are 
the  alternate 
y  holding  the 


r 


SECOND   KXERCISF. 


23 


material  between  these  two  cuts  in  the  same  way  as  that  in 

which  the  surface  was  made  smooth, 

except  that  now  the  obtuse  corner 

of  the  chisel  is  used  in  the  cutting. 

instead  of    the   edr^e  between    the 

corners. 

Use  the  acute  corner  of  the 
chisel  in  cutting  the  sides,  and  take 
care  that  the  obtuse  corner  is  clear 
of  the  wood  by  making  the  edge 
take  the  position  relative  to  the 
side  shown  in  Fig.  42  and  Fig.  43 
at  [a]. 

Keep  the  corner  of  the  chisel 
not  in  use  clear  of  the  work  wlien 
removing  the  material  between  the 
sides. 


Fr\'   41 


Finish  the  central  recess  first  and  then  the  others. 


Fi\r  42 


:^' 


THIRD    EXERCISE 


Material-  Poplar  or  pine,  3"  x  3'  x  8". 

Exercise.— To  cut  the  beads  and  fillets  shown  in  Fig. 
44,  on  a  cylinder.  » 

Turn  a  smooth  cylinder  2i  inches  in  diameter,  and  mark 
it  off  to  the  dimensions  shown  in  Fig.  44. 


n<2^ 


^^g^^i^i'^i^i'l^i''^ 


'■',','•  44 


It  will  be  found  better  to  first  cut  grooves  at  the  points 
uf  division,  as  shown  in  Fig.  45,  as  thi:  helps  to  define  the 
beads  and  keeps  the  size  more  nearly  right.  These  grooves 
are  cut  in  the  same  manner  that  the  recesses  in  the  second 
exercise  were  cut— with  the  acute  corner  of  the  chisel,  the 
obtuse  corner  being  held  clear  of  the  surface  being  cut. 
Use  the  obtuse  corner  in  cutting  the  convex  curves.    Place 

the  chisel  in  the  position  for  f  mooth- 

='!i=%^^^%(/p^=^,     ing  the  work  used  in  the  previous 

II         III  exercise, except  that  the  obtuse  cor- 

j,..^^  ^j  ner  is  now  to  be  used  instead  of  the 


'*L 


own  in  Fiff. 


2r,  and  mark 


"vr 


J 


8.     6'»    '« 


It  the  points 
:o  define  the 
hese  i^vooves 
n  the  second 
le  chisel,  the 
e  beincr  cut. 
Lirves.  Place 
n  for  ;  mooth- 
the  previous 
e  obtuse  cor- 
nstead  of  the 


TIIIRO   KXERCISE 


n 


edge  between  the  corners.  Cut  the  curve  by  passing  the 
chisel  from  the  position  for  cutting  across,  shown  in  h'ig. 
46,  to    that  for  cutting   in,  shown    in    I'^ig.  49,  passing   it 


/•'v.  i(. 


through  the  positions  shown  in  Fig.  47  and  Fig.  4xS.  The 
movement  must  be  smooth  and  continuous,  and  must 
not  be  hurried,  the  tendency  being  to  hurry  the  latter 
part  of  it. 


^V-  47 


Take  care  that  the  handle  is  swung  around  and  at  the 
same  time  raised  slightly,  as  shown  in  the  figures.     This 


'^^^^P^ 


FifT.  4S 


keeps  all  of  the  edge  but  the  cutting  corner  free  of  the 
work,  and  keeps  it  from  cutting  into  and  tearing  the  sur- 
face.    The  chisel  passes  from  the  position  shown  in  plan 


*i 


26 


WOOD    rUKNINO 


Fif.  40 


nt  fal  Ficr.  50,  to  that  shown  at  [b] ;  the  blade  at  the  time 
being  rolfed  on  its  lower  edge,  as  from  [c]  to  [d]  in  same 
sketch  The  cut  is  started  near  the  centre  of  the  space, 
and  is  terminated  at  the  bottom  of  the  groove  already  cut. 
When  cutting  the  other  side  of  the  curve,  start  the  chisel 
as  when  cutting  to  the  tail-stock  end.  Use  the  movements 
just  described,  only  from  left  to  right  instead  of  from  right 

^'^  'in  cutting  curves  of  this  description  the  chisel  must  be 
well  ground,  the  edge  straight,  and  the  bevel  flat,  or  the 
necessary  support  and  guidance  cannot  be  given  to  it.  If 
any  part  of  the  edge  but  the  corner  used  in  cutting  be 
allowed  to  come  into  contact  with  the  wood,  it  will  be  likely 
to  catch  into  and  to  tear  the  surface. 


Fig-  50 


/"V-  5« 


The  aim  should  be  to  so  combine  the  features  shown 
that  the  cut  will  be  a  smooth  and  continuous  one. 

The  curve  at  the  centre  is  greater  than  the  others,  so 
the  grooves  at  the  sides  of  it  are  deeper.  In  forming  large 
beads  several  cuts  should  be  taken,  as  shown  in  Fig.  51- 


W  111 


? 


at  the  time 
'cl]  in  same 
f  the  space, 
ih-eady  cut. 
irt  the  chisel 
;  movements 
if  from  right 

lisel  must  be 
I  flat,  or  the 
'en  to  it.  If 
■1  cutting  be 
will  be  likely 


;atures  shown 
one. 

the  others,  so 
forming  large 
in  Fig.  51. 


FOURTH    EXERCISE 

Material.— Popl''^»'  <'»'  P'"^'-  31"  x  31"  ^  ^"^ 
Exercise.— To  cut  compound  curves  of  the  form  shown 

in  Fig.  52. 


^[il'^i* 


Fiff.  52 


2r 


Turn  the  wood  to  a  smooth  cylinder  3  inches  in  diame- 
ter, and  mark  it  to  the  dimensions  shown  in  Fig.  53.     Both 
concave  and  convex  curves  are  to  be  half -circles  in  out- 
line. The  concave  curves  ^  ' 
are  to  be  cut  first,  in  the 
divisions    marked    [a], 
with   the    A-inch   gouge. 
The    material    between 
the  lines  is  removed  by 
a  series  of  cuts,  as  shown 
in  Fig.  54.     The  exact 


It     I    i  I 


l-'ig-  53 


i'^ 


'■% 


i 


^- 


38 


WODD-rrKNINf, 


^'||;■  55 


height  at  which  to  place  the  rest  cainot  be  given,  as  it  should 
be  that  which  will  be  found  most  convenient.     It  ought  to 
be  above  the  centre  of  the  work,  as  when 
using  the  skew  chisel. 

Start  the  cut  on  the  right-hand  side 
of  the   ?iiiddle   division    by 
placing   the    gouge   in    the 
position  shown   in   Fig.  55, 
the  cutting  portion  of  the 
edge    being    scjuare    across 
the  work.      If  the  cutting  edge  is  not 
scjuare  across  the  work  when  it  is  pressed 
info  the  wood,  it  will   run   off  to   one  side  or  the  other, 
as  it  may  have  been  started,  and  so  mar  the  stock.     I'orce 
the    gouge    a    short    distance    into    the    work,  as    shown 
in   I^Fg.  54,  aad  then  withdraw  it  and  repeat  the  operation 
„n   tht'  left  side,  as  shown  in   Fig.  56,  forcing  the  gouge 
farther  into  the  wood,  however,  as  shown  in   I'ig.  57'  --^'^^l 
crradually  turn  it  over  on  its  back  during  the  cut,.as  shown 


J-'lK    51 


Fig.  56 


I-'i'K-  57 


Fig.  5** 


in  Fig.  58,  until  it  arrives  at  the  position  shown  in  Fig.  59- 
The  cut  is  again  started  on  the  /ight-hand  side,  but  with 
the  edge  nearer  the  boundary-line  fo;  the  hollow,  and  the 
bevel  more  nearly  a  right  angle  with  the  axis  of  the  work, 


IS  it  should 
It  ought  to 
rk.as  when 

t-har;d  side 


v 


/■IK-  55 

'd_<;e  is  not 
it  is  iMX'.ssed 
r  the  other, 
3ck.  l'"orce 
,  as  shown 
le  operation 
;  the  gouge 
Fig.  57,  and 
ut,as  shown 


yi.k'-  s** 


•n  in  Fig.  59- 

ide,  but  with 

How,  and  the 

of  the  work, 


loiRrii  i:M-.Ri'i>r. 


99 


as  shown  in  Fig.  i^o.  I'inish  this  cut  from  the  left  side 
as  the  first  one  was.  and  so  continue  the  cutting  until  the 
gouge  has  taken  the  position  shown  in  I'ig.  oi.and  the  cut 
Ts  of  the  right  depth  and  shape.  The  sides  are  straight 
for  half  the  depth. 


Fii;-  5') 


/•■v.  ''■ 


/■'ig.  (.1 


Next  cut  the  convex  portion  of  the  curve  by  pU>  ing 
the  ^ouce  in  the  position  shown  in  I'ig.  62,  and  using  it 
in  nearly  the  same  manner 
that  the  skew  chisel  was 
in  the  last  exercise.  The 
handle  is  swung  around 
in  a  nearly  similar  man- 
ner, but  must  be  elevated 
to  a  greater  extent  than 
the  chisel  handle  was.  The 
whole  movement  is  so  near- 

Iv  similar  to  that  of  the  skew  chisel  that  more  detailed  de- 
scription is  not  necessary. 

The  small  concave  curves  near  the  ends  are  cut  in  the 
same  manner  that  the  larger  ones  are.  the  l-inch  gouge 
being  used. 


Fi^'.  (M 


^ 


tl 


FIFTH   EXERCISE 

Material.— Poplar  or  pine,  3   x  3"  x  8". 
Exercise.— To  cut  the  material  ro  the  form  and  dimen- 
sions shown  in  l''ii;.  63. 

T 


/••/A'.  ('.1 


First  turn  the  material  to  the  form  and  dimensions 
shown  in  Fig.  64.  using  the  skew  chisel.     Next  cut  the  part 


■^■;>iti^---/i 


n^i^;^i>i<i*^^ 


/■//.'.  64 


and  dimen- 


rn 


I 


M!i 


H 


dimensions 
cut  the  part 


u 


^;«iJ 


Miril    FXKKCISE 


3» 


marked  [a]  with  the  j-ineh  .uoui^e.  Start  the  lut  <.ii  thr 
riifht-hand  side,  holdinii;  the  i;()Ui;e  in  the  position  shown 
in  I'ig.  65.  and  keep  the  euttint;  part  of  the-  tdi^e  sup- 
ported on  the  bevel  directly  Ijehind  it.  As  the  cut  |)ro- 
ceeds.  roll  the  gouge  on  its  back  in  such  manner  that  tlie 
cutting  portion  of  the  edge  changes  from  the  right-hand 
side  to  the  left-hand  side,  where  the  cut  (inishes.  a^  shown 
in  iMg.  65,  I'ig.  66.  and  I'ig.bj.  During  this  cut  each  por- 
tion of  the  cutting  edge  is  successively  brought  into  use.  as 
shown.     Take  care  to  have  the  portion  of  the  edge  that  is 


fig.  55 


Fis.  l^i 


AV.  <.7 


being  used  supported,  by  having  the  part  of  the  bevel  di- 
rectly behind  it  in  contact  with  the  revolving  stock,  and 
the  corresponding  part  of  the  back  of  the  chisel  in  con- 
tact with  the  tec-  rest,  as  shown  in  the  sketches.  The 
gouge  must  be  grasped  quite  firmly,  and  the  handle  raised 
slightly  during  the  cut.  The  cut  is  started  against  the 
shoulder  on  the  right-hand  side  and  finished  against  the 
one  on  the  left-hand  side  of  the  curve  to  be  cut. 

The  curve  marked  [b]  is  cut  in  a  similar  manner,  the  di- 
rection of  the  cut,  however,  being  from  left  to  right  instead 


II 


iJ 


»• 


WOOD.TURNINC, 


of  from  light  to  k'ft,  as  Ihtc  tin*  rut  >tarts  against  the 
shoukk'i-  on  the  Icft-liaiul  side  and  finislics  against  tl\c  one 
on  the  right-hand  side. 

Cut  the  curve  marked  [c]  by  starting  the  cutting  edge 
against  the  shoulder  on  the  right-hand  side  in  the  >anie 
manner  that  it  was  started  when  cutting  [a],  and  roll  the 
gouge  on  its  su|)|)ort  from  right  to  left, 
as  before,  carr\  ing  it  slightly  farther  in 
the  movement,  and  drawing  it  a  \ery 
little  way  backward  towards  the  end 
of  the  cut.  The  cut  starts  against  the 
shoulder  on  the  right-hand  side,  in 
the  position  shown  in  Mg.  O5,  and  fin- 
ishes against  the  c\lindei'  on  the  left- 
hand  side,  in  the  position  shown  in  I'ig. 
68.  In  this  cut  the  handle  of  the  gouge 
is  swung  around  to  a  slightly  greater 
extent  than  when  cutting  the  curve  [a]. 
'Ihe  part  marked  [d]  is  cut  in  a  similar  manner  to  [c],  the 
movements,  however,  being  from  left  to  right  instead  of 
from  right  to  left. 


/■Vv  (.S 


^T-g«!;'S!«^,,i5-,:^ 


rts  aj;ain>t  the 
igaiiist  the  one 

lu  ciittiiii;  edjuje 
Ic  ill  tin-  same 
a],  and  roll  the 
ni  rii^ht  to  left, 
;htly  farther  in 
a  inn  it  a  \ery 
ivards  the  end 
irts  a^nainst  the 
-hand  side,  in 
']<!,.  63,  and  fin- 
ei-  on  the  left- 
1  shown  in  I'ijj;. 
lie  of  the  .^oni^e 
>li_u;htly  ujreater 
J  the  eurve  [a], 
nner  to  [c],  the 
ight  instead  of 


SIXTH   EXHRCISE 

Material. —  Hickory  or  ash,  2'  x  2  "x8". 

Exercise. — To  make  a  chisel-handle  of  the  form  and 
dimensions  shown  in  Fig.  69. 

It  is  sometimes 
necessary  to  turn  a 
number  of  jjieces  to 
be  precisely  alike  of 
such  things  as  han- 
dles, balusters,  and 
similar  articles.  To  avoid  the  necessity  for  frecjucnt  ad- 
justment of  the  measuring  tools  a  "  templet "  of  the  form 
shown  in  I'ig.  70  is  made.     The  templet  may  consist  of  a 


-I* 


-I 


^ 

M,V, 

>' 

i    ^ 

^-  i  ^- 

.      3      - 

his;  (k) 


■\ '- 

^^^^^^ 

- 

xri 

=""'■■ 

^""^ 

1 

£l 

'"'if'  70 


.i 


^r" 


34 


WOOD  TURN1N<; 


piece  of  slieet-iron.  or  of  wood  and  iron,  as  sliown  m  the 
sketch,  or  1k'  entirelv  of  wood.  The  principal  dimensions 
f„r  lencrth  are  notched  on  one  edge,  and  the  caliper  si/es 
to  correspond  are  cut  out  of  the  other,  as  shown  m  I'lg. 

'°"To  Make  the  Handle.— First  turn  the  stock  to  the 
diameter  represented  by  the  largest  opening  in  the  templet, 
and  then  hold  the  notched  edge  of  the  templet  against  it, 
and  mark  lines  around  it  to  correspond  to  the  notches  on 
the  edge  of  the  templet,  as  shown  in  Fig.  71.  Next,  with 
'"^  the    parting -tool, 

cut    frroo\es    into 
the     wood    where 
the     marks     were 
made,    using    the 
notches   cut  from 
the    edge    of    the 
templet,  instead  of 
the  calipers,  to  de- 
termine the   diameter  of  the  work,  as  shown  in   Fig   70, 
usin..-  the  opening  that  corresponds  to   the  notch  whose 
niark  is  being  cut.     After  the  grooves  have  been  cut,  the 
work  will  have  the  form  shown  in   Fig.  72.      Next    using 
the  skew  chisel  and  gouge,  finish  the  work  to  the  desired 
form,  referring  frequently  to  the  pattern,  to  be   sure  the 
wood  is  assuming  the  correct  outline.  — 

After  the  wood  has  been  cut  to  tne  desired  form,  it  may 
have  a  coat  of  oil  given  to  it,  and  then  be  polished  by  rubbing 


/■;,,'  :> 


fig-  72 


LL„a,«iv,i„.;.. 'vr 


iliown  in  the 
il  dimensions 
!  caliper  sizes 
hown  in  Fig. 

;  stock  to  the 
n  the  templet, 
ilet  against  it, 
he  notches  on 
i.     Next,  with 
parting -tool, 
grooves    into 
wood    where 
marks     were 
le,    using    the 
;hes   cut  from 
edge    of    the 
iplet,  instead  of 
calipers,  to  de- 
wn  in   Fig.  70, 
2  notch  whose 
I  been  cut,  the 
.     Next,  using 
to  the  desired 
o  be   sure  the 

ed  form,  it  may 
shed  by  rubbing 


f 


•i 


SIXTH    INKKClsK 


.i."> 


it  with  a  rag  while  it  is  revolving,  or  a  coat  of  varnish  may 

be  given  to  it. 

Good  results  mav  be  gotten  in  this  and  the  succeeding 
exercises  bv  using  a  shellac  varnish   made   by  dissolvmg 
amber  shellac  in   alcohol  and  applying  a  thin  coat  wUh  a 
brush      The  wood  ought  then  to  be  put  away  for  an  Ikhu- 
t:,  dry  and  harden,  when  it  will  be  found  that  the  varnish 
has  caused  small  particles  of  the  wood  to  project  from  the 
surface.     These  may  be  removed  with  a  piece  of  f^ne  sand- 
paper, care  being  taken  that  the  sandpaper  is  applied  with 
only  enough  pressure  to  remove  the  hard  particles  and  not 
to  scratch\he  surface.     The  surface  is  then  wiped  clean  of 
dust  and  another  coat  of  the  varnish   applied,  and  this  is 
continued  until  the  desired  effect  is  obtained. 

When  the  varnishing  and  polishing  are  complete,  triiu 
off  the  ends  by  which  the  piece  was  held  in  the  lathe. 

Balusters  and  other  similar  pieces  may  be  turned  m 
ihis  way,  a  way  used  when  there  are  many  pieces  to  be 
turned  that  are  to  be  alike. 


'] 


SEVENTH    EXERCISE 

Material.— Oum  or  cherry  disk,  si"  diameter,  i 

Exercise.— To  turn  the  disk,  to  the  form  and 

sions  shown  in  Eig.  73. 


"  thick, 
dimen- 


Fi.ir-  73 


Fasten  the  disk  to  a  face-plate  with  i-inch  screws, 
placincr  the  centre  of  the  pkite  over  the  centre  of  the  disk, 
and  selecting  such  a  face-plate  that  the  holes  left  m  the 
disk  by  the  screws  will  be  cut  away  in  the  subsequent 
turnincT-that  is,  the  holes  made  by  the  screws  must  come 
in  some  i^lace  where  a  recess  will  be  turned  m  the  disk. 
Screw  the  face-plate   easily  on  the   spindle  of   the   head- 


.;tj,.iMm,j;:i;M'- 


"''"'I'-'Vi'l"'.''  ^  jl.i'!"^."'" 


eter,  i"  thick. 
11  and  dimen- 


-^M'^i" 


\-\nch  screws, 
re  of  the  disk, 
les  left  in  the 
he  subsequent 
'\vs  must  come 
;d  in  the  disk, 
i  of   tlie   head- 


>i;\  i:n ni  !;\i:i<»  i>k 


n 


stock ;  if  screwed 
on  tisjfhtlv  it  will 
"  jam,"  and  be  dif- 
ficult of  removal. 
Adjust  the  driving- 
bell  so  that  the 
proj-jer  speed  will 
be  iiotten,  and  with 
the    1-inch  skew  chisel 


Fa-  71     '/■-/> 

used  as  sht)\vn  in    l"i 


J-ig    75      /■>vii/ 


Fix   75-^'"/ 


74 — that  is, 
as    a    scraping    in- 
stead   of   a    cutting 
tool — turn  the  edge 
of  the  revolving  di>l: 
true,  making  the  di- 
ameter tobe  5  inches. 
Next  "face"  the  disk 
by  holding  the  same 
chisel  in  the  position 
Nhown  bv  the  views 


o 


i:> 


T,  one  cor 


f    iMg. 

ner    of   the   chisel 
having  ct)ntact  with 
the  work,  and  make 
the    face    flat    and 
smooth    by   advanc- 
ing the  chisel  across 
the  work  in  the  di- 
rection of  the  corner 
having  contact.  The 
chisel  must  be  sharp, 
or  the  work  will  not 
be  smooth. 

Next   make   two 


% 


...^ 


3>^ 


\VlK)l)-Tl'UNIXn 


pcncil-nmrks  around  the  edoe  of  the  disk— one  \  inch  back 
from  the  face,  and  the  other  I  inch  back  from  the  face.    Make 

another  on  the  face   i  inch. 
in  from    the    edge.      These 
marks    are    shown    by    the 
dotted  Hnt.3  in  Fit;.  76.  Now, 
witli  the  chisel  held  as  shown 
in  lMg.74,and  using  the  pen- 
cil-marks   as    guides,  cut   a 
recess   around  the  edge,  as 
shown  in  lig.  74.     <^^"  this 
recess,  and  i  inv,n  back  from 
the  face  of  the  disk,  make  an- 
other pencil-mark,  and  with 
this  mark  and  the  one  made 
on  the  face  as  guides,  cut  the 
edge  of  the  disk  to  the  form 
shown  in  Fig.  77.      Round 
the  fillet  left  on  .the  corner 
with  the  i-inch  skew  chisel, 
held  as  shown  in   Fig.  77; 
and  then,  after  varnishing  and  polishin.g,  remove  the  work 
from  the  face-plate. 

Instead  of  the  disk  just  removed  from  the  face-plate, 
fasten  to  it  one  of  pine,  i  inch  thick  and  6  inches  in  diam- 
eter.    True  the  edge  of  this  disk,  and  then  face  it  n.  the 
same  way  that  similar  operations 
have  been  already  performed.  Next 
mark  a  circle  that  will  be  a  very 
little  less  than  4  inches  in  diam- 
eter on  the  face  of  the  disk,  and, 
using  this  circle  as  a  guide,  cut  a 
recess  i  inch  in  depth  in  tne  face.  /vir.77 


Fig-.  76 


.J  inch  b;ick 
face.    Make 

face   i  uwh 
l<j;e.      T'.ese 
)\vn    by    the 
"ig.  76.  Now, 
\eld  as  shown 
sing  the  pen- 
;uides,  cut   a 
the  edge,  a^i 
74.     On  this 
v,n  back  from 
lisk,  make  an- 
ark,  and  with 
the  one  made 
;uides,  cut  the 
ik  to  the  form 

77.  Round 
)n  .the  corner 
1  skew  chisel, 
n  in  Fig.  77; 
,ove  the  work 

the  face-plate, 

iches  in  diam- 

face  it  ih  the 


/■'iT'  77 


SKVKNlll    l.XlKt  ISK  59, 

Thi.  is  d.me  with  the  >kew  chi>el  held  and  'J^'d  as  when 
cutting  the  edge  of  the  hrst  disk.  Thi>  rece»  is  now  to 
be  very  carefujlv  enlarged  in  diameter  until  the  pro.ie-ctu.n 
that  was  turned  on  the  first  disk  will  fit  tightly  mto  U. 
when  on  pressing  the  disks  together  they  w,ll  have  the 
appearance  shown  in  Fig.  7^-  'rhe  fir>t  disk  is  said  to  be 
"  chucked,    the  second  being  the  chuck. 


/^w-  7S 

Next  mark  on  the  face  of  the  outer  di>k  a  circle  4  inches 
in  diameter  and  another  ^  inch  in  diameter,  and  cut  a  re- 
cess i  inch  in  depth  between  these  marks  with  the  skew 


'  Fi'c-  7')— '/'<•/  section 


i 


li 

Si 


.==* 


I' 


Si 


^- 


» 


40 


wood-turnin;; 


chisel.  On  the  bottom  of  this  recess,  i  inch  from  the  sides, 
make  two  more  circles,  and  with  these  as  guides  cut  an- 
other recess,  of  the  form  shown  in  Fig.  79,  into  the  disk. 
As  the  sides  of  this  recess  are  rounded,  use  the  round-nose 
chisel  to  cut  it.  The  r(;und-ni)se  chisel  is  used  as  a  scrap- 
ing tool,  as  the  skew  chisel  was  during  this  exercise,  and  its 
lA)sition  when  in  use  is  shown  in  I'ig.  79. 

Varnish  and  polish  this  face  also,  and  then  remove  it 
from  the  chuck. 


n  the  sides, 
dcs  cut  an- 

0  the  disk, 
round-nose 
as  a  scrap- 
cise,  and  its 

1  remove  it 


EIGHTH   EXERCISE 

Material.— Gum  or  cherry  disk,  3}"  diameter,  I"  thick. 
Exercise.— To  turn  a  rosette  of  the  form  and  dimen- 
sions sliown  in  I'^ig.  ^io. 

Fasten  the  disk  to  a  screw-plate  of  ^ 

the  kind  shown  in   Fig.  89,  and  turn  it       ^^ .|. 


/•'H'   80 


to  the  torm  shown  in  Fig.  81.     This  is  done  with  the  skew     . 
chisel,  except  the  recess  that  is  i  inch  in  width,  and  this 


!^    8    ^, 


\VOOIiTn<NIN<'. 

latter  may  ho  nit  with  the  partinii;- 
tool.  The  work  is  next  cut  to  the 
form  shown  in  I'iu;.  So,  the  curves  l)e- 


pmj";  1        in«4  cut  with  the   skew  chisel  and   the 


roiuul-nose  chisel,  the  operations  bein;^ 
similar  to  those  already  performed. 

X^arnish    and  iK)lish  the  work,  and 
remove  it  from  the  screw-plate. 

When  a  number  of  rosettes  of  this 
character  are  to  be  turned,  a  temi^let, 
similar  in  its  use  to  that  employed  ii^ 
the  Sixth  l<:\ercise,may  be  prepared  and 
used.     Only  the  principal  dimensions, 
such  as  those  for  the  steps  in  Fig.  Si, 
need  be  marked  on  it,  and  from  these  di- 
mensions the  operator  can  produce  a  suf- 
ficiently close  degree  of  similarity  in  the 
successive  pieces  to  serve  his  purpose. 


r 


r 


Ihc  parlinij;- 
ci't  to  the 
L*  cur\cs  \)v- 
isfl  and  the 
ations  lx'iii;4 
;rf()niK'd. 
c  work,  and 
)late. 

sfttes  of  this 

d,  a  temi:)lct. 

employed  in 

prepared  and 

1  dimensions, 

ps  in  Fig.  Si, 

from  these  di- 

produceasuf- 

niilarity  in  the 

his  purpose. 


NINTH    EXERCISE 

Material.— r. I '..11  or  cherry  di^U,  ji    diameter,  i     tliiek. 

Exercise.— To  turn  the  material  to  the  form  and  dimen- 
sions shown  in  Fig.  S::. 

Fasten  the  disk  to  a  face-'       .  with   i-incli  screws,  and 
then  turn  the  face  smooth  and  the  edge  true, 
making  it  to  be  7  inches  in  diameter.     Next,  ^f^. 


-•(f 
'+ 


♦. .. 


>'  < 


/■•if:  82 


f>" 


44 


WDOD-TUKNINd 


turn  a  recess  in  the  face  4!  inches  in  diameter  and  .1  inch 
in  ileptli.  and  when  this  is  done  remove  it  from  the  face- 
plate. Put  on  instead  of  tlie  disk  just  turned  a  pine  one 
5  inches  in  diameter,  and  turn  from  it  a 
chuck  to  fit  tit;htly  into  the  recess  turned 
in  the  first  (Hsk.  Put  the  disk  on  the 
chuck,  and  turn  its  cdi;e  to  the  form  shown 
in  Fig.  .S3,  after  which  round  the  fillet  to 
the  form  shown  by  the  dotted  line,  using 
the  1-inch  skew  chisel.  Next  cut  the  recess 
shown  at  [.A]. 

The  durve  shown  at  [b]  in  iMg.  84  is  cut 
with  the  I -inch  gouge,  used  as  a  scraping 
tool.  When  using  a  gouge  as  a  scraping 
tool,  have  the  cutting  portion  of  the  edge- 
supported  on  the  rest.  If,  while  the  gouge 
is  in  the  position  shown  in  iMg.  .S5,  the  cut- 
ting is  done  with  the  part  marked  [a],  the 
tendency  will  be  to  press  [a]  down,  and  so  roll  the  cut- 
ting edge  into  the  work,  rendering  the  edge  unmanage- 
able and  tearing  the  work.  Undercut  the  inner  curve 
with  the  i-inch  round-nose  chisel,  held  as  shown  in  lMg.86. 
where  the  manner  in  which  it  is  supported  by  the  tee  rest 
is  also  shown.  After  the  undercut  portion  has 
been  turned,  round  the  fillet  left  on 
the  inside  and  then  cut  die  open- 


fiK-  83 


Fit,'.  84 


/'/£•.  8s 


Fis.  86 


-rS%»^.M°-' W-Jg-J^^' '"  r^^-gCTVr-gy. 


r  am',  ,  mcli 
om  thf  facc- 
1  a  piiu-  one 
n  from  it  a 
•ccess  turned 
disk  on  the 
:  form  shown 
the  fillet  to 
d  line,  using 
:ut  the  recess 

iMg.  84  is  cut 
\s  a  scraping 
as  a  scraping 
I  of  the  edge 
ile  the  gouge 
ig.  85,  the  cut- 
irked  [a],  the 
roll  the  cut- 
rc  unmanage- 
:  inner  curve 
iwn  in  iMg.  86, 
ly  the  tee  rest 


Fie.Sb 


V 
NINTH    KXlvUCISE 


45 


ing  at  the  centre  through,  using  the  parting-tool.  Next  cut 
the  bead  around  the  edge  of  the  disk  with  the  acute  corner 
of  the  ]-inch  skew  chisel,  using  it  as  a  scraping  tool.  AH 
of  ihe.se  cuts  are  shown  in  I'"ig.  86. 

Varnish  and  polish  the  work,  and  then  remove  it  from 

the  chu':k. 

Turned  pieces  of  this  character  are  used  principally  in 
making  wooden  patterns  for  metal  castings,  and  in  cabinet 
work  and  the  interior  finishing  of  buildings. 


T 


TENTH    FXFHCISE 

Material.     Walnut   or  cherry  disU.  .;     clianiclcr  and 
2\     ihick.  and  ;i  picff  (.f  same  Stock  21    ■  2i    M- 

Exercise.— I'o  make  a  cui)  of   tlu'  form  and  dimen- 

>,i()n>  shown  in  I'ii;.  ^7- 

Prepare  a  chuck  l)y 

attachini^    a    piece    of 
pine  wood,  four  or  five 
inches  in  diameter  and 
one    inch    thick,  to    a 
face-ph\te,  and  turninj^- 
it  round  aiul  smooth  ; 
after    which,  with    the 
face-ph\te    still    attach- 
ed, remove  it  from  the 
lathe  and  fasten  to  it 
the    disk    from    which 
Ihr  bowl  of  the  cup  is 
lobe  made.     This  may 
be  done  bv  insertini:  a 
screw   from    the    back 
throntiih    the    openini; 
for  the  lathe-spindle,  as 
shown  in  Fitj;.  f^<^. 
A  face-plate  havinijj  the  form  shown  in  Fig.  89  may  be 
used. 


•*♦• 


y/tr  «7 


janu'tcr  unci 

4  • 

and  (liiiicn- 

•c  a  cluiek  1)\' 

a  pit-'cc  (if 
1.  four  or  five 
diaiiK'lLT  and 

thick,  to  a 
,  and  tin-nin_«; 
and  >mooth  ; 
ich.  with    the 

slill  attach- 
;l'  it  from  the 
:l  fasttMi  to  it 

frcmi    which 

of  the  cup  is 

k'.     This  may 

hv  inscrtintr  a 

oni    the    back 

the    openinsz; 
ithe-spindlc,  as 
1  Fiir.  SS. 
Mir.  89  may  be 


r 


TF.NIII   I  \i  K«  i>i:  4? 

TiM-n  the  outside  ol  the  bow  1  and  the  rece»  in  the  bot- 
tom. a>  shown  in  l*"ii;.  Si),  and  ihm  re- 
move  it  from  the  chuck.      Next  in  the 
,  hurk    to   the    botloin   of   tlie    bowl,  .is 

shown  in 


/•'v.  Si) 


I  •'is;.  <)o, 
and    cut 
the    re- 
cess >h(>wn  ill 
thefront.usin.n 
the  [.-inch  skew 
c  h  i  SI'  K   .1  n  d 
make     the    re- 
cess I  I   inches 
in     di. I  meter 
and    li   inches 

deep.     Finish  th.    bowl  to  the  f..rm  shown  in   ^"i,^^<Jl  with 

the  1-inih  round-nose  chisel. 


Fif.  SS 


/■■/<■  >f' 


•/■■'*'•  ^t^ 


48 


WOOD-TUKNINO 


All  of  these  operations  are  similar  to  operations  already 

performed.  , 

Varnish  and  polish  the  bowl,  and  then  remove  it  from 

the  chuck. 


fiir-  <)2 


Put  the  second  piece  of  stock  between  the  lathe-centres, 
and  turn  from  it  the  stem  to  the  form  and  dmiensions 
shown  in  Fig.  92.     Varnish  and  polish  it  before  takmg  it 

from  the  lathe. 

The  stem  may  be  fastened  to  the  bowl  with  glue. 


liL 


jrations  already 
remove  it  from 


-I  CO 
•■>. 

^100 


Ol* 


the  lathe-centres, 
and  dimensions 
before  taking  it 

with  glue. 


ELEVENTH   EXERCISE 

Material.— Cherry  or  maple.  2'x  2'  xS". 
Exercise.— T(;  turn  a  cup  of  the  form  and  dimensions 

shown  in  Fig.  93- 

Place    the   material   between 
the  lathe-centres,  and  turn  it  to 
the  form  shown  in  Fig.  94,  taking 
measurements  from  Fig.  93.     Re- 
move as  small  an  amount  of  ma- 
terial   from   the    bottom    of   the 
bowl  as  may  be  done  and  have 
the  shape  well  defined,  as  shown 
in   Fig.  94.     When   turning  the 
part  [a],  that  is  to  be  fitted  to     V^ 
the  chuck,  turn  the  sides  straight 
and  parallel,  as  on  this  being  done 
depends  the  possibility  of  fitting 
it  to  the  chuck. 

Make  a  chuck  from  material 
2  inches  in  thickness,  and  exer- 
cise the  same  care  in  turning 
the  hole  for  the  end  of  the  bowl- 
piece  that  was  exercised  in  turn- 
ing the  end  of  the  bowl— that  is, 

have  the  sides  parallel  and  perp^^ndicular  to  the  face,  and 
the  opening  of  such  size  that   iUc  work  will  be  a  tight  f^t 
4 


r 


I 


50 


\V()01>-irKNIN(; 


/•Vv  'M 


and  no,  quite  reach  .0  the  bottom.  T!,e  .houder  tu  n  d 
„„  the  bowl-piece  ought  to  rest  agamst  the  face  ot  tltc 
chuck,  a.  sholvn  in  l-'ig.  96.     "  it  be  found  on  star  ,ng 

latho,  after  htting  the 

a  (!ni\  ^^'"'■^  """^^  ^^^^  chuck, 

tliat  the  work  runs  un- 
true, it  will  be  better  to 
fit  another  chuck  rath- 
er than  try  to  correct  it. 

When  the  bowl-piece  has  been  fitted  to  the  chuck  so 
that  it  turns  true  to  its  axis,  cut  a  small  V  shaped  opening 
in  the  centre  of  the  end,  as  shown  in   Pig.  95- "^^^S  the 
acute  corner  of  the  skew  chisel  to  make  it.     Thjs  openn.g 
is  used  to  start  a  bored  hole  into  the  bowl.      I  he 
hole  may  be  made  with  a  twist-drill,  used  as  shown      g 
in  iMcr  96-that  is,  with  the  cutting  end  in  the  small    ^, ,  ^^^ 
opening  in  the  bowl,  and  the  other  end  in  contact 
with  the  cone-centre  held  in  the  tail-stock.      1  he  bowl  not 
the  drill,  is  revolved  during  the  boring,  and  this  is  done 
with  the  driving-belt  so  placed  as  to  give  the  slowest  speed. 
The  drill  is  forced  into  the  wood  by  advancing  the    a.l- 
stock  spindle,  and  is  prevented  from  turning  by  holding 


Fif.  1)6 


its  end  in  a  wrench.  The  depth  of  hole  in  the  bowl  is 
measured  on  the  drill,  and  may  be  marked  before  starting 
to  bore.  The  inside  of  the  bowl  is  finished  to  shape  u  ih 
the  i-inch  round-nose   chisel  used,  and  supported  by  the 


ulder  turned 
;  face  of  the 
I  starting  the 
cr  fitting  the 

0  the  chuck, 
Aork  runs  un- 
ill  l)e  better  to 
cr  chuck  rath- 
ry  to  correct  it. 
the  chuck  so 
aped  opening 
95,  using  the 
This  opening 

The 
shown      ^ 
e  small 
contact 
The  bowl  not 

1  this  is  done 
slowest  speed, 
ncing  the  tail- 
ng  by  holding 


Vjj^l^j^^^ 


/•■«■  45 


in  the  bowl  is 

before  starting 

d  to  shape  with 

ipported  by  the 


ELEVENTH    EXERCISE  5^ 

tee  rest  in  the  manner  shown  in  Fig.  97.  It  will  be  found 
safer  to  have  the  cutting  edge  a  small  distance  above  the 
centre  of  the  cup. 


Fif   1)7 


After  the  inside  of  the  bowl  has  been  finished,  turn 
the  stem  to  the  form  shown,  without  removing  the  cup  from 
the  chuck,  and  then  varnish  and  polish  it.  It  may  be  cut 
from  the  chuck  with  a  parting  tool. 


Fif  9S 


TWELFTH   EXERCISE 

Material— Maple,  zX' x 32" x 5"- 
Exercise.-To  turn  a  sphere  3V"  in  diameter. 
^  Care  must  be  taken  in  the  pre- 

liminary  steps  to  have  the  chmen- 
sions  as  given. 
;.  Turn  the  material  to  the  form 

'     and  dimensions  shown  in  I'ig.  9'^' 
-'  '     and  with  a  pencil  mark  the   lines 
•  ■      shown— one  in  tlie  centre  first,  and 
■  '     the  other  two  at  the  same  distance 
on  each  side  of  it.     Next,  cut  the 
n^aterial   to  the  form   shown  in    Fig.  99-  using   the  outer 
lines  and  the  corners  at  the  stem  as  guides. 

Find  the  centre  of 
each    ot    the    sloi^ing 
faces,  and    then   mark 
on  all  three  faces  the 
lines    shown    in    Fig. 
99.    Next,cut  the  stem 
on  which  the  work  is 
revolving   to    a  diam- 
eter   of     \l    inch,    as 
shown  in  Fig.  100,  and 
using  the  corner  where 
the  stem  joins  the  body 


Fig  09 


ctcr. 

1  in  the  pre- 

2  the  dimen- 

to  the  form 
n  in  I'ig.  9^- 
irk  the  lines 
ntre  first,  and 
,ame  distance 
Next,  cut  the 
na  the  outer 


TWKll   ril    EXTRCl^K 


.V> 


and  the  lines  on  the 
faces  as  guides,  cut 
the  work  to  the  form 
shown  in  Fig.  lOO. 
Use  the  skew  chisel 
as  a  scraping  tool,  as 
in  Fig.  77,  and  dress 
off  the  corners,  mak- 
ing the  work  to  be 
as  nearly  spherical  as 
possible,  as  shown  in 
Fig.  loi,  taking  care 
to  leave  the  centre  of  each  face  untouched.     Next,  cut  off 


f'.C 


the  stems  on  which  the  work  revolved,  keeping  the  spher- 
ical form  at  the  ends. 

Prepare    a 

chuck  of  the  form 
shown  in  Fig.  102, 
and  fit  it  to  the 
ball,  as  shown. 
The  ball  may  be 
held  in  place  by 
putting  a  small 
piece  of  thick 
leather    against 


54 


WOOD-TURNING 


the  outermost  end  and  bringing  the  cone-centre  into  con- 
tact with  the  leather.  The  ball  may  be  pressed  into  closer 
contact  ^vith  the  chuck  by  advancing  the  cone-centre. 

Place  the  ball  with  its  axis  in  nearly  the  same  position 
it  had  while  it  was  revolving  between  the  centres,  and  re- 
move the  eccentric  portion  -  with  the  skew  chisel,  used  as  a 
scraping  tool ;  then  change  the  position  of  the  ball  in  the 
chuck  by  a  small  amount  and  again  scrape  off  the  eccen- 
tric places,  and  so  continue  until  the  ball  is  a  true  sphere 

Varnish  and  polish  it  before  removing  it  from  the  chuck. 


trc  into  con- 
cl  into  closer 
-centre, 
ime  position 
itres,  and  re- 
sel,  used  as  a 
le  ball  in  the 
iff  the  crcen- 
true  sphere. 
»m  the  chuck. 


THIRTEENTH   EXERCISE 

Material.— Pine  or  poplar,  31"  x  31"  xS". 

Exercise.— To  turn  a  ball  3  inches  in  diameter. 

Turn  the  material  to  the  form  shown  in  Fig.  9«,  making 
the  two  principal  dimensions,  those  of  length  and  diameter, 
to  be  3  inches.  Next,  with  the  skew  chisel  cut  it  to  the 
form  shown  in  Fig.  loi,  keeping  the  proper  dimension  by 
frequent  use  of  the  calipers.  . 

Turn  the  ends  as  small  as  possible,  and  then  varnish  and 
polish  it,  and,  when  this  is  done,  remove  it  from  the  lathe 
and  cut  off  the  ends  with  a  knife,  taking  care  to  preserve 
the  spherical  outline.     Next,  varnish  the  ends. 


SUPPLEMENTAL  EXERCISE 

(FIRST) 

MateriaL   -P(.i)lar  or  pine  3"  x  3"  x^"- 
Exercise.-To  turn  a  plain  o^'linder  3  inches  in  diam- 
eter, and  then  to  cut  two  angular  grooves  in  it,  as  shown 

in  Lig.  103. 

Turn  the  cyl- 
inder and    mark 
the  divisions  on 
it    in    the    same 
manner  that  sim- 
ilar operations 
were    performed 
in  the  recnilar  first  exercise,  after  which  start  a  cut  at  the 
left-hand  end  and  continue  it  through  the  first  space.    As  the 
cut  progresses,  slightly  raise  the  handle  of  the  chisel  and 
force  the  cutting  edge  deeper  into  the  wood      Ihe  amoun 
the  cutHng  edge  is  forced  into  the  wood  ought  to  be  small 
durin-  any  cut,  and  the  necessary  depth  gotten  by  a  suc- 
cession of  cuts.     The  operation  is  repeated  in  the  opposite 
direction  through  the  next  space,  and  the  two  cuts  made  to 
meet  at  the  centre.     A  second  cut  is  started  on  the  left 
side  and  is  carried  also  to  the  centre,  and  this  is  met  by 
one  from  the  right  side ;  the  work  is  continued  in  this  man- 
ner until  the  groove  is  I  inch  in  depth,  the  sides  being  kept 
straicrht.     The  second  groove  is  made  in  the  same  manner. 


SUPPLEMENTAL   EXERCISE 


iches  in  diam- 
1  it,  as  shown 
Fit;.  103. 
Turn  the  cyl- 
ler  and    mark 
;  divisions  on 
in    the    same 
inner  that  sim- 
,r  operations 
ire    performed 
rt  a  cut  at  the 
space.    As  the 
the  chisel  and 
.    The  amount 
rht  to  be  small 
)tten  by  a  sue- 
in  the  opposite 
0  cuts  made  to 
ted  on  the  left 
this  is  met  by 
led  in  this  man- 
,ides  being  kept 
e  same  manner. 


(SKCONO) 

Material— Maple,  3.\"x3r' XI 2". 
Exercise.— To  turn  a  jilain  cylinder  3  inches  in  diam- 
eter, and  then  to  cut  it  to  the  form  shown  in  Fig.  104. 


«-  /    -!» 


Fin   '"4 


The  cylinder  is  turned,  the  divisions  arc  marked  on  it, 
and  the  recesses  are  cut  in  the  manner  the  corresponding 
operations  were  performed  in  the  regular  second  exercise. 
This  exercise  differs  from  the  regular  one  in  having  the 
recess  at  the  cjntre  larger,  and  so  giving  greater  likelihood 
of  vibration  if  the  chisel  be  pressed  too  strongly  against  it. 
There  is  no  material  difference  between  the  operations 
and  those  already  described. 


T 


7M 


SUPPLEMENTAL  EXERCISE 
(•miKi>) 
MateriaL-The  turned  piece  made  in  the  second  sup- 

plemo'^tal  exercise. 

Exercise.-To  turn  a  dumb-bell  of  tlie  form  and  di- 
mensions shovn  in  Fig.  105.  ...  1  •   ,1  ^,^a 

■l-u,n  the  ha»cl1e  first,  using  the  S-nch  skew  ch.sel  and 
„ake  it   K  tnches  in  d'ameter  and   5  .nch  at  the  s.des. 


Fig    ins 


Ne.t,find  the  centre  ot  each  „f  the  larger  Parts.  a"d  ™ark 
it  around  with  a  pencil,  and,  using  these  cent,  c  hues  as  the 
:.::;:;;;;, 1-- tor  cuts,t„rn  each  end  to  t-  M-.cal   orm 

shownin  ^-ig■97.operatn>g  -  ;^^--;--  '^Z 
ronv"\  curves  were  made  m   the   leguuii   ui. 
Tun'he  in.ide  first  and  then  the  outside,  cutt.ng  the  ba 
Ismail  amount  inside  the  outer  corner,  that  the  spher.cal 


Sfl'IM.r.Mr.N TAI.    KXI'.KflSK 


59 


form  may  be  '.•tai.u-cl.  When  the  balls  have  been  turned 
on  each  end.  ihe  surplus  stock  outside  of  them  may  be  out 
off  by  being  first  turned  quite  small  in  diameter  and  then 
cut  off  with  a  knife  or  chisel. 

Thoucdi  these  curves  are  larger  than  tiie  curves  on 
the  regiiiar  exercise,  they  will  be  found  more  ditticult 
to  cut. 


e  second  sup- 

foriT.  and  di- 

ow  chisel,  and 
at  the  sides. 


Darts,  and  mark 
itre  lines  as  the 
I  spherical  form 
lanner  that  the 
third  exercise, 
cutting  the  ball 
at  the  spherical 


1, 


SIJPPLE^\ENTAL    EXERCISE 
(fourth) 

Material.— Popl^'ir  or  pine.  3i"x3}"x8"- 
Exercise.— To  turn  a  piece  of  the  form 
sions  shown  in  Fig.  io6. 


'..nen- 


Turn  a  plain  cylinder  3  inches  in  diameter,  mark  on  it 
the  lines  that  determine  the  convex  curves,  and  reduce  the 
remainder  of  the  stock  to  a  diameter  of  2\  inches,  and  then 
cut  the  convex  curves.  Next,  mark  the  position  of  the 
concave  curves  and  cut  them  in  the  same  manner  that  the 
concave  curves  were  cut  in  the  regular  fourth  exercise. 


SUPPLEMENTAL    EXERCISE 


^^ ;' J  «^ 


..1 


".iiien- 


tcr,  mark  on  it 
md  reduce  the 
ichcs,  and  then 
losition  of  the 
lanncr  that  the 
th  exercise. 


(sixth) 

MateriaL— Cherry,  si/.e  determined  by  the  iiandlc  se- 
lected. 

Exercise.— To   turn   one   of   the    handles   shown    m 

'^ule'only  the  principal  dimensions-that  is,  the  length, 
largest   diameter,  and 
size  of  ferrule  on  the 
end.     The  remaining 
dimensions  to  be  taken  ■     ''"■'  "'^ 

n>,  -I   matter   of    iudg- 

„  .; ,   an  1  ..,  be  >ud,  that  the  handle  will  have  .he  ap- 

pc^iirance  shown.     In  the  scew-drivc.-  handle  the  octagonal 


Fif  107 


Fit;   107 


portion  is  made  bv  leaving  that  part  untouched  during  the 
turning  and  afterwards  planing  off  the  corners. 


SUPPLEMENTAL  EXERCISE 

(ninth) 

MateriaL  —  Black -walnut  disk,  6h"  diameter  and 
I"  thick.  Black-walnut  disk,  35"  diameter  and  i"  thick. 
Black-walnut  disk,  2"  diameter  and  A"  .:hick.     Black-walnut, 

Exercise.— To  turn  the  pieces  composmg  the  stand 

shown  in  Fig.  108. 

The     base,    shown     in 

Fig.  109,  and  the  standard, 
shown  in  Fig.  no,  require 
no   special    instruction    as 
to  the  manner  of  turning: 
the   piece   shown    in    Fig. 
Ill — a  quarter    of   a  ring 
— may  be  turned  from  the 
2-inch  disk  by  fastening  it 
to  a  wooden  chuck  with  a 
screw,  and  turning  one  side 
of  it,  then  changing  it  on 
the  chuck  so  that  the  oth- 
er face    is    outermost,  and 
turninti  that  face,  and  so 
completing  the  ring,  which 
may  then  be  sawed  to  the 
required  shape.     The  piece 


diameter    and 

and  I"  thick. 

Black-walnut, 

iinof  the  stand 

56,    shown     in 
1  the  standard, 
g.  1 1  o,  require 
instruction    as 
,er  of  turning: 
hown    in    T^ig. 
rter    of   a  ring 
.u-ned  from  the 
by  fastening  it 
1  chuck  with  a 
jrning  one  side 
:hanging  it  on 
io  that  the  oth- 
outermost,  and 
it   face,  and  so 
the  ring,  which 
le  sawed  to  the 
ipe.     The  piece 


SUPPLEMENTAL    EXERCISE 

shown  in  Mg.  1 1 3  is 
made  from  the  larger 
disk  by  fastening  it 
to  a  face-plate  or  to 
a  wooden  chuck  and 
turnins:  the  back,  then 
turninii  it  over  and 
fastening  it  to  the 
same  plate  or  chuck 
by  screws  that  do  not 
pass  quite  through  it, 
and  then  cutting  the 
front  side,  using  the 
same  methods  for  get- 
ting the  proper  form  that  were  used  in  the  regular 
The  holes  left  in  the  back  by  the  screws 


Fif   log 


exercise 


sixth 
used 


am 


Fi^.  no 


□X) 


CD 


to  hold  it  to  the  chuck  may  be  filled  with  small  plugs  of  the 
same  material  as  that  of  which  the  piece  is  composed.     The 


-6i- 


WOOD-TURNING 


64 

pieces  shown  in  Fig.  112  are  glued  in  place,  as  are  also 
the  other  pieces. 


Fii;.  m—Fraitt 


Where  turned  work  is  used  in  the  construction  of  house 
furniture,  this  method  of  turning  the  parts  separately  and 
then  fastening  them  together  is  freely  used.  An  illustration 
of  combined  sawed  and  turned  work  is  shown  in  Fig.  114- 


-r 


e,  as  are  also 


ruction  of  house 
s  separately  and 
An  illustration 
>\vn  in  Fig.  114- 


SUPPLEMENTAL   EXERCISE 

(eleventh) 

Material.— Cherry,  3"  x  3"  x  8". 

Exercise.— To  turn  a  vase  of  the  form  and  dimensions 
shown  in  Fig.  115  ^nd  Fig.  116.  ,      ,    •     „ 

Turn  the  outside  and  fit  it  to  a  wooden  chuck  m  the 


Fi'sr-  "5 


fig.  116 


same  manner  that  similar  operations  were  performed 
during  the  regular  eleventh  exercise.  The  inside  may  be 
bored  and  then  turned  with  the  round-nose  chisel  or  the 
work  may  be  done  wholly  with  the  skew -chisel.  The 
skew-chisel  may  be  used  to  finish  the  square  corners. 

Varnish  and  polish  it  before  removing  it  from  the  chuck. 
5 


SUPPLEMFNTAL   EXERCISE 

(twklfth) 

Material.— A  sphere  turned  as  in  the  ninth  exercise. 
Exercise.— To   turn   a   ball    inside    the  one  already 
turned. 


Fig.  117 

Over  the  wooden  chuck  used  in  turning  the  ball  fit  a 
wooden  disk,  and  turn  a  hole  in  the  centre  of  it,  so  that  it  may 
be  fastened  to  the  chuck  with  screws,  and  have  a  portion  of 

the  ball  project  through  the 
front,  as  shown  in  Fig.  1 1  7. 
The  fit  to  the  ball  must  be 
close,  so  that  the  ball  will  be 
held  firmly  in  any  required 
,,,.  ,.8  position. 


SUPn.KMr.NTAI.    F.XKKCISK 


67 


SE 


inth  exercise, 
e  one  already 


ig  the  ball  fit  a 
it,  so  that  it  may 
ave  a  portion  of 
lect  through  the 
)\vn  in  Fig.  1 1  7. 
he  ball  must  be 
t  the  ball  will  be 
in  any  required 


'■'■<■  "■ 


Procure  two  tools  of  the  form  shown  in  Fig.  i  iS  and  Fig. 
119.  The  curvature  of 
the  end  must  be  the 
same  as  that  of  the  in- 
side ball.  These  may 
be  made  from  old  files 

by  grinding. 

Mark  the  extremities 
of  the  three  axes  of  the  sphere  that  are  perpendicular  to  one 
another.    This  may  be  done  by  setting  the  sphere  ,n  a  corner 

of  a  square  box  and   marking  the 
points  of  contact,  and  then  finding 
a  point  on  the  sphere  opposite  each 
one  of  the  three  so  found  by  means 
of  the  calipers.     When  the  point> 
are  found,  fasten  the  sphere  in  place 
in  the  chuck  in  such  position  that 
one  of  the  points  is  exactly  in  the 
centre  of  the  opening  in  the  disk 
that  covers  the  chuck,  and  with  the 
tool  shown  in  Fig.  118  cut  a  hole  into  the  ball  in  the  man- 


f/A'.  120 


66 


WOOO-TURNING 

ner  shown  in  Fig.  117-  '^hc  depth 
of  the  hole  should  be  i  inch,  and 
this  )nay  be  regulated  by  making 
a  mark  on  the  corner  of  the  chisel 
before  starting  tlie  cut.  Next,loosen 
the  front  part  of  the  chuck  and 
move  the  ball  until  a  second  mark 
is  in  the  centre  of  the  opening,  and 
Fie  •»  .        cut  in  again,  and  so  continue  until 

the  six  marks  have  been  used  and  the  ball  has  the  ap- 


/■;>-.  12s 


SUI'ri.F.MENTAL    KXEKCISI-: 


09 


1.  The  depth 
)e  i  inch,  and 
^d  by  making 
r  of  the  chisel 
:.  Next, loosen 
le  chuck  and 
L  second  mark 
e  opening,  and 
continue  until 
11  has  the  ap- 


pearance shown  in  Fig.  120.  Now,  using  the  second  u  A 
in  the  manner  shown  in  Fig.  121,  remove  the  material  be- 
tween the  holes  so  cut  until  the  inner  ball  is  free  from 
the  outer  shell,  as  shown  in  Fig.  122.  The  last  cut  taken 
must  be  made  with  great  care,  or  the  freed  uiner  ball  will 
catch  on  the  tool  and  break  the  outer  shell.  The  lathe- 
spindle  would  better  be  revolved  by  hand  during  the  latter 

portion  of  the  cut. 

This  is  but  one  of  many  solids  that  may  be  turned 
inside  the  sphere  in  nearly  the  manner  indicated,  and  the 
turnincr  of  which  is  most  fascinating  work  for  a  skilful 
turner. 


THE   END 


